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PermaNet® 2.0 LLIN - FAQ
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What is PermaNet® 2.0? |
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| PermaNet® 2.0 is a long-lasting, insecticide-impregnated mosquito net. Made of 100% polyester, PermaNet® is impregnated according to the specifications, customer quality control systems and requirements of international health and aid organisations. An improved version of PermaNet® 1.0, PermaNet® 2.0 provides unequalled personal protection against malaria.
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What documentation is there to prove that PermaNet® 2.0 is a long lasting net? |
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| All relevant, published field evaluations are comprised in a review paper |
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What are the technical definitions of KD, TM and FM? |
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Knock Down (KD) effect refers to the vector-disabling effects of the net. Mosquitoes are poisoned by the insecticide on the net and fall to the ground, unable to move. In theory, these mosquitoes should eventually regain movement. In reality (and outside laboratory conditions), these mosquitoes are eaten by ants before they can regain consciousness.
Total Mortality (TM) refers to dead mosquitoes.
Functional Mortality (FM) refers to mosquitoes disabled beyond the point of survival. Mosquitoes that are either lifeless or have lost more than two legs or one wing are included in FM rate.
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Functional Mortality: What makes the mosquitoes lose legs? |
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Pyrethroid is a neurological insecticide that is absorbed by the legs of the mosquito. When the poison is detected, mosquitoes often dispose of the affected legs. With only three or fewer legs, they can no longer fly, land or bite. |
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How is PermaNet® 2.0 produced? |
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PermaNet® 2.0 is warp-knitted from strong, 100% polyester yarns. Our excellent production techniques provide PermaNet® 2.0 with uniformly woven netting material. To set the net and prevent shrinkage, the fabric is placed on a stenter and exposed to high heat. The next step, Deltamethrin-impregnation, uses a continuous industrial process that secures exact concentration and equal distribution of the insecticide, guaranteeing the long-lasting effects of PermaNet® 2.0. Lastly, the netting material is cut and sewn into various shapes and sizes that represent ready-to-use PermaNet® 2.0.
Every process is subject to extensive inline controls, which ensure that every finished PermaNet® 2.0 bed net meets company specifications and WHO recommendations. |
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Which type of washing powder is used in the evaluations? |
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| At the moment, a standardised washing powder chosen by the WHO reference lab in Montpellier, France, is used for all laboratory evaluations. |
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Can a PermaNet® 2.0 after having been washed to exhaustion, be re-impregnated by a normal dipping procedure? |
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| After PermaNet® 2.0 has been washed to exhaustion, PermaNet® 2.0 can be re-impregnated like any other net. Hand-dipped with a commercial product by the WHO reference laboratory in Montpellier, France, PermaNet® 2.0 showed normal efficacy. |
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Which pyrethroid is used in PermaNet® 2.0? |
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PermaNet® 2.0 uses Deltamethrin, a cyano-pyrethroid with good adhesion abilities to polyester. Additionally, Deltamethrin has a good toxicology profile which makes it practically harmless to humans. Deltamethrin has undergone the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES). |
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What dose of Deltamethrin is used in PermaNet® 2.0?
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| The target dosage is 55 mg/m². |
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Is the Culex-quinquefasciatus mosquito susceptible to PermaNet® 2.0? |
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| Although the Culex mosquito generally has a higher resistance to pyrethroids, PermaNet® 2.0 retains a high repellence level. Due to PermaNet®'s unique distribution and release of Deltamethrin, insects rest longer on the net, assuring eventual mortality.
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Do mosquitoes show resistance to PermaNet® 2.0? |
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When a person sleeps under a mosquito net, that person acts as bait and the mosquito net is a trap for the mosquitoes. Mosquitoes search repetitively to find a hole in the net so that they can bite the sleeping person, and this search goes on until the mosquito either finds a hole, or is intoxicated and falls to the ground.
Field tests in Côte d'Ivoire using a highly pyrethroid-resistant strain of mosquitoes showed PermaNet® 2.0 is as effective as a Carbamate-impregnated net, to which no resistance is known. Though these mosquitoes were less sensitive to Deltamethrin, the continued crawling on, or flying against the net resulted in a lethal dosage. |
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Is Deltamethrin the sole insecticide used in PermaNet® 2.0? |
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At the moment, Deltramethrin is the only insecticide used in PermaNet® 2.0. We maintain our commitment to testing other insecticides to look for as yet-undiscovered benefits in specific areas. |
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Can PermaNet® 2.0 cause skin irritation? |
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According to field test results from Uganda conducted by Dr Albert Killian from USAID, there is less skin irritation with PermaNet® 2.0 than with nets using a traditional Deltamethrin dipping procedure. PermaNet® 2.0 impregnation actually protects the Deltamethrin from overexposure. With less Deltamethrin available on the net's surface at any given time, the usual irritation associated with Deltamethrin is reduced to near extinction. After only one wash, tendencies of skin irritation resulting from PermaNet® 2.0 disappear.
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How is PermaNet® 2.0 environmentally friendly? |
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PermaNet® 2.0 is environmentally-friendly for two reasons:
1 PermaNet® 2.0 maintains efficacy for more than 20 washes. Traditional nets have to be re-impregnated seven to ten times to obtain the same effect. Hence the total exposure of insecticide in the environment is dramatically reduced.
2 Vestergaard Frandsen's commitment to environmental safety begins in our production, where we are in compliance with local standards and have all necessary local approval. |
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Is PermaNet® dirt-repellent? |
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As the result of a specialised dirt-repellent treatment, PermaNet® 2.0 does not attract as much dirt and dust as other nets. PermaNet® is especially easy to clean and requires no manual friction, even in cold water. Consequently, the occurrence of abrasion to the net is diminished and the longevity of the net is prolonged.
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When did PermaNet® 2.0 pass the WHOPES (WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme) evaluation? |
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| PermaNet® 2.0 passed the WHOPES evaluation in January 2004.> |
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When was PermaNet® 2.0 introduced? |
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| PermaNet® 2.0 was introduced on April 14th, 2003.
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