ZeroVector® Durable Lining - Challenges from Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS)
The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Malaria Programme issued a position statement in 2006 supporting the use of IRS for scaling up global malaria control and elimination (WHO/HTM/MAL/2006.1112). In this statement, the WHO reaffirmed the importance of IRS where it could be implemented properly. It was noted that the proper implementation of IRS has numerous and varied challenges.
Taking a lead from this WHO document, a number of other publications were reviewed to identify the most important issues related to the conduct of an IRS programme for malaria vector control. The findings of this analysis are included in the table below along with the specific page number and reference when the challenge was reported.
Indoor Residual Spraying Challenges
| Challenge | Reference | Page |
| Product | ||
| choice of insecticide and formulation | 1, 3, 13 | 7, 33, 13 |
| registration and use of WHOPES approved products and equipment | 6, 9, 11, 13 | 12, 32, 8, 69 |
| surface influence on residual effect | 3, 6, 8, 13 | 34, 4, 1, 9, 34 |
| limited duration for WHOPES recommended insecticides | 6 | 23 |
| MoH regulatory and vigilance of pesticides | 7 | 10 |
| multiple spray cycles required in one year | 1 | 6 |
| Supplies | ||
| pesticide, PPE, and spray equipment delivery delays | 9, 11 | 9, 35 |
| theft, shortage, or stockout of supplies | 4 | 6 |
| leakage into agricultural segment | 7 | 11 |
| Application | ||
| equipment calibration, maintenance and storage | 4, 12 | 6, 14, 47 |
| correct dose calculation and spray timing | 1, 6, 12, 13 | 6, 104, 47, 35 |
| variable efficacy due to irregular, inadequate, or poor spray coverage | 10, 13 | 32, 48 |
| visible formulation residues and odours on walls | 6 | 4-6 |
| DDT non-target soil and crop residues | 9, 10 | 20, 15, 48 |
| Capacity | ||
| decentralization of health services and training of health workers | 2, 4, 10, 13 | 853, 7, 13, 48 |
| spray operator shortages, attrition, motivation, and skill | 2, 10, 12 | 853, 41, 2 |
| training and certification of spray operators | 10 | 32 |
| MoH capacity for effective campaigns: plan, monitor, evaluation | 4, 7, 9 | 6, 10, 49 |
| supervisory capacity lacking for spray teams | 1, 11 | 6, 3 |
| Community | ||
| objections and adverse effects on residents | 1, 3, 10, 11 | 7, 33, 41, 6 |
| community structure, participation and acceptance of programme | 1, 2, 13 | 2, 853, 50, 58 |
| geographic limitations | 2, 5, 9 | 853, 2, 12, 37 |
| re-plastering houses | 6, 9, 11 | 24, 19, 8 |
| spray timing conflicts with farming | 9 | 50 |
| Environmental and Disposal | ||
| environmental deactivation of insecticide | 3, 6, 8, 13 | 34, 23, 1, 34 |
| solid waste disposal, including unused residues and containers | 9, 13 | 43, 16 |
| disposal of DDT and obsolete insecticide stocks | 10, 11, 13 | 3, 7, 62 |
| prevention of wastewater contamination of natural water bodies | 13 | 31 |
| environmental monitoring | 9 | 52 |
| Safety and Exposure | ||
| safe practices under tropical conditions, limits of PPE | 3, 6, 10, 13 | 33, 13, 8, 17 |
| training storekeepers on pesticide hazards | 10, 11 | 31, 3 |
| secure pesticide storage facilities | 4, 6, 10 | 6, 12, 13 |
| spills in warehouse or during transport | 11 | 8 |
| spray operator standards of personal hygiene, including showers | 6, 10, 13 | 16, 8, 23 |
| extensive medical exams – pre-campaign, post campaign | 10 | 42 |
References
| Organisation | Year | Description | Source |
| 1. WHO. Global Malaria Programme | 2006 | Indoor residual spraying, use of indoor residual spraying for scaling up global malaria control and elimination, WHO position statement. | WHO/HTM/MAL/2006.112 |
| 2. Kolaczinski, K., Kolaczinski, J., Kilian, A., and S. Meek | 2007 | Extension of indoor residual spraying for malaria control into high transmission settings in Africa. | Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med & Hyg. 101:852-853. |
| 3. WHO. Najera, J., Kouznetsov, R., and C. Delacollette | 1998 | Malaria epidemics detection and control forecasting and prevention. | WHO/MAL/98.1084, section 8.2.1 |
| 4. WHO. Regional Office for Africa | 2007 | Implementation of indoor residual spraying of insecticides for malaria control in the WHO African region, draft report. | http://www.afro.who.int/vbc/reports/report_on_the_implementation_of_irs_in_the_african_region_2007.pdf |
| 5. World Bank | 2008 | From donkeys to dollars: unity in combating malaria in Ethiopia leads to success. | http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/news/0,,contentmdk:21743198~pagepk:64257043
~pipk:437376~thesitepk:4607,00.html |
| 6. WHO | 2006 | Pesticides and their application for the control of vectors and pests of public health importance. | WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2006.1 |
| 7. Lynch, M., Koek, I., Beach, R., Asamoa, K., Adeya, G., Namboze, J., and E. Jaocosky | 2005 | Rapid assessment report – Uganda. | http://www.fightingmalaria.gov/countries/mops/uganda_assessment.pdf |
| 8. Malaria Consortium | 2009 | Indoor residual spraying. | http://www.malariaconsortium.org/pa
ges/malaria_resources.htm |
| 9. USAID | 2008 | Quarterly report, indoor residual spraying for malaria control, indefinite quantity contract, task order 1. Contract GHN-I-01-06-00002-00, prepared by RTI International. | http://www.fightingmalaria.gov/resources/reports/irs_fy08-q4.pdf |
| 10. USAID | 2009 | Quarterly report, indoor residual spraying for malaria control, indefinite quantity contract, task order 1. Contract GHN-I-01-06-00002-00, prepared by RTI International. | http://www.fightingmalaria.gov/resources/reports/irs_fy09-q1.pdf |
| 11. USAID | 2007 | Environmental assessment for IRS using bendiocarb, DDT, and lambda-cyhalothrin for malaria control in Mozambique. | http://www.ehproject.org/pdf/ehkm/usaidmozambique_irs.pdf |
| 12. WHO. WHOPES. | 2002 | Manual for indoor residual spraying, application of residual sprays for vector control. | WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2007.3 |
| 13. WHO. WHOPES. | 2001 | Malaria vector control, insecticides for indoor residual spraying. | WHO/CDS/WHOPES/2001.3 References References |
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